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Tobacco Research

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Journal Articles

Is there a future for lower-tar-yield cigarettes? Participants of the Fourth Scarborough Conference on Preventive Medicine. Lancet 1985;2:1111-1114. PM:2865577.

Abdel-Rahman SZ and El Zein RA. The 399Gln polymorphism in the DNA repair gene XRCC1 modulates the genotoxic response induced in human lymphocytes by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK. Cancer Lett 2000;159:63-71. PM:0010974407.

Abramson RK, Taylor BA, Tomlin D, and Hutton JJ. Genetics of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in mice: response of the lung to cigarette smoke and 3-methylcholanthrene. Biochem Genet 1977;15:723-740. PM:921741.

Accortt N, Waterbor J, Beall C, and Howard G. Chronic Disease Mortality in a Cohort of Smokeless Tobacco Users. American Journal of Epidemiology 2001;156:730-737.

Adami J, Nyren O, Bergstrom R, Ekbom A, Engholm G, Englund A, and Glimelius B. Smoking and the risk of leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 1998;9:49-56. PM:0009486463.

Ahrendt SA, Chow JT, Yang SC, Wu L, Zhang MJ, Jen J, and Sidransky D. Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking increase the frequency of p53 mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2000;60:3155-3159. PM:0010866304.

Alden C, Smith P, and Morton D. Application of genetically altered models as replacement for the lifetime mouse bioassay in pharmaceutical development. Toxicol Pathol 2002;30:135-138. PM:11890466.

Ammenheuser MM, Hastings DA, Whorton EB, Jr., and Ward JB, Jr. Frequencies of hprt mutant lymphocytes in smokers, non-smokers, and former smokers. Environ Mol Mutagen 1997;30:131-138. PM:0009329637.

Anderson LM, Hecht SS, Dixon DE, Dove LF, Kovatch RM, Amin S, Hoffmann D, and Rice JM. Evaluation of the transplacental tumorigenicity of the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in mice. Cancer Res 1989;49:3770-3775. PM:2736518.

Anderson LM and Rice JM. Perinatal carcinogenesis by constituents of smokeless tobacco: animal models and potential human risk. Smokeless Tobacco or Health, An International Perspective. 1992;161-174.

Anderson LM, Hecht SS, Kovatch RM, Amin S, Hoffmann D, and Rice JM. Tumorigenicity of the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in infant mice. Cancer Lett 1991;58:177-181. PM:1855194.

Andersson G, Bjornberg G, and Curvall M. Oral mucosal changes and nicotine disposition in users of Swedish smokeless tobacco products: a comparative study. J Oral Pathol Med 1994;23:161-167. PM:8046653.

Andersson G, Vala EK, and Curvall M. The influence of cigarette consumption and smoking machine yields of tar and nicotine on the nicotine uptake and oral mucosal lesions in smokers. J Oral Pathol Med 1997;26:117-123. PM:9083935.

Anonymous. Lung Tumours in Mice Exposed to Tobacco Use. The Lancet 1974; 2 : 506 -

Anttila S, Tuominen P, Hirvonen A, Nurminen M, Karjalainen A, Hankinson O, and Elovaara E. CYP1A1 levels in lung tissue of tobacco smokers and polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and aromatic hydrocarbon receptor. Pharmacogen 2001;11:501-509. PM:11505220.

Ariyoshi N, Miyamoto M, Umetsu Y, Kunitoh H, Dosaka-Akita H, Sawamura Y, Yokota J, Nemoto N, Sato K, and Kamataki T. Genetic polymorphism of CYP2A6 gene and tobacco-induced lung cancer risk in male smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11:890-894. PM:12223434.

Asplund K. Smokeless tobacco and cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2003;Mar-Apr,45:383-394.

Asplund K, Nasic S, Janlert U, and Stegmayr B. Smokeless tobacco as a possible risk factor for stroke in men: a nested case-control study. Stroke 2003;34:1754-1759. PM:12775887.

Atawodi SE, Lea S, Nyberg F, Mukeria A, Constantinescu V, Ahrens W, Brueske-Hohlfeld I, Fortes C, Boffetta P, and Friesen MD. 4-Hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-hemoglobin adducts as biomarkers of exposure to tobacco smoke: validation of a method to be used in multicenter studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998;7:817-821. PM:0009752992.

Auerbach O, Hammond EC, and Garfinkel L. Changes in bronchial epithelium in relation to cigarette smoking, 1955- 1960 vs. 1970-1977. N Engl J Med 1979;300:381-385. PM:0000759914.

Autrup JL, Hansen C, and Autrup H. Detection of tobacco smoke carcinogen-DNA adducts in cultured rat buccal mucosa cells following exposure to ethanol and total cigarette smoke condensate or chewing tobacco. Chem Biol Interact 1992;85:141-150. PM:1493606.

Ayres PH, Hayes JR, Higuchi MA, Mosberg AT, and Sagartz JW. Subchronic inhalation by rats of mainstream smoke from a cigarette that primarily heats tobacco compared to a cigarette that burns tobacco. Inhal Toxicol 2001;13:149-186. PM:11153066.

Bagchi M, Balmoori J, Bagchi D, Ray SD, Kuszynski C, and Stohs SJ. Smokeless tobacco, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and antioxidants in human oral keratinocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 1999;26:992-1000. PM:10232844.

Bagchi M, Bagchi D, Hassoun EA, and Stohs SJ. Subchronic effects of smokeless tobacco extract (STE) on hepatic lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and excretion of urinary metabolites in rats. Toxicology 1998;127:29-38. PM:9699791.

Baker RR, Massey ED, and Smith G. An overview of the effects of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry and toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2004;42 Suppl:S53-S83. PM:15072838.

Baker RR, Pereira dS, Jr., and Smith G. The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part II: casing ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2004;42 Suppl:S39-S52. PM:15072837.

Baker RR, Pereira dS, Jr., and Smith G. The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part I: Flavourings and additives. Food Chem Toxicol 2004;42 Suppl:S3-37. PM:15072836.

Balbach ED, Gasior RJ, and Barbeau EM. R.J. Reynolds' targeting of African Americans: 1988-2000. Am J Public Health 2003;93:822-827. PM:12721151.

Balbach ED, Gasior RJ, and Barbeau EM. Tobacco industry documents: comparing the Minnesota Depository and internet access. Tob Control 2002;11:68-72. PM:11891371.

Baldwin KM and Hakim RS. Freeze-fracture analysis of gap and septate junctions in embryos of a moth. Tissue Cell 1981;13:691-699. PM:7330852.

Barasch A, Morse DE, Krutchkoff DJ, and Eisenberg E. Smoking, gender, and age as risk factors for site-specific intraoral squamous cell carcinoma. A case-series analysis. Cancer 1994;73:509-513. PM:0008299073.

Bartsch H, Ohshima H, Shuker DE, Pignatelli B, and Calmels S. Exposure of humans to endogenous N-nitroso compounds: implications in cancer etiology. Mutat Res 1990;238:255-267.

Bartsch H, Rojas M, Nair U, Nair J, and Alexandrov K. Genetic cancer susceptibility and DNA adducts: studies in smokers, tobacco chewers, and coke oven workers. Cancer Detect Prev 1999;23:445-453. PM:0010571654.

Bartsch H, Nair U, Risch A, Rojas M, Wikman H, and Alexandrov K. Genetic polymorphism of CYP genes, alone or in combination, as a risk modifier of tobacco-related cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000;9:3-28. PM:10667460.

Basrur PK and Harada T. Alterations in the nasal mucosa of Syrian golden hamsters exposed to cigarette smoke. Prog Exp Tumor Res 1979;24:283-301. PM:538249.

Baumgart-Mendoza M, Tulunay O, Jensen J, and Hatsukami D. Smokeless tobacco vs. medicinal nicotine: subjective and behavioral consequences. Poster presentation at the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Annual Meeting, Prague, Czech Republic. 2005;

Bedwani R, el Khwsky F, Renganathan E, Braga C, Abu Seif HH, Abul AT, Zaki A, Franceschi S, Boffetta P, and La Vecchia C. Epidemiology of bladder cancer in Alexandria, Egypt: tobacco smoking. Int J Cancer 1997;73:64-67. PM:9334811.

Belinsky SA, Nikula KJ, Palmisano WA, Michels R, Saccomanno G, Gabrielson E, Baylin SB, and Herman JG. Aberrant methylation of p16(INK4a) is an early event in lung cancer and a potential biomarker for early diagnosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:11891-11896. PM:0009751761.

Belinsky SA, White CM, Trushin N, and Hecht SS. Cell specificity for the pulmonary metabolism of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in the Fischer rat. Carcinogenesis 1989;10:2269-2274. PM:2591016.

Belinsky SA, Klinge DM, Stidley CA, Issa JP, Herman JG, March TH, and Baylin SB. Inhibition of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation prevents murine lung cancer. Cancer Res 2003;63:7089-7093. PM:14612500.

Belinsky SA, Devereux TR, White CM, Foley JF, Maronpot RR, and Anderson MW. Role of Clara cells and type II cells in the development of pulmonary tumors in rats and mice following exposure to a tobacco-specific nitrosamine. Exp Lung Res 1991;17:263-278. PM:2050030.

Benhamou E, Benhamou S, Auquier A, and Flamant R. Changes in patterns of cigarette smoking and lung cancer risk: results of a case-control study. Br J Cancer 1989;60:601-604. PM:0002803931.

Benhamou S, Benhamou E, Auquier A, and Flamant R. Differential effects of tar content, type of tobacco and use of a filter on lung cancer risk in male cigarette smokers. Int J Epidemiol 1994;23:437-443. PM:0007960366.

Benhamou S, Benhamou E, Tirmarche M, and Flamant R. Lung cancer and use of cigarettes: a French case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1985;74:1169-1175. PM:0003858589.

Benhamou S, Lee WJ, Alexandrie AK, Boffetta P, Bouchardy C, Butkiewicz D, Brockmoller J, Clapper ML, Daly A, Dolzan V, Ford J, Gaspari L, Haugen A, Hirvonen A, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Kalina I, Kihara M, Kremers P, Le Marchand L, London SJ, Nazar-Stewart V, Onon-Kihara M, Rannug A, Romkes M, Ryberg D, Seidegard J, Shields P, Strange RC, Stucker I, To-Figueras J, Brennan P, and Taioli E. Meta- and pooled analyses of the effects of glutathione S-transferase M1 polymorphisms and smoking on lung cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 2002;23:1343-1350. PM:12151353.

Benjamin M, Reddy S, and Brawley OW. Myeloma and race: a review of the literature. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2003;22:87-93. PM:12716040.

Bennett WP, Alavanja MC, Blomeke B, Vahakangas KH, Castren K, Welsh JA, Bowman ED, Khan M, Flieder D, and Harris CC. Environmental tobacco smoke and genetic susceptibility as lung cancer risk factors in never-smoking women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;(In Press)-

Benowitz NL. Biomarkers of environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Environ Health Perspect 1999;107 Suppl 2:349-355.

Benowitz NL and Gourlay SG. Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: implications for nicotine replacement therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:1422-1431. PM:0009180099.

Benowitz NL, Jacob P, III, and Yu L. Daily use of smokeless tobacco: systemic effects. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:112-116. PM:2742246.

Benowitz NL and Henningfield JE. Establishing a nicotine threshold for addiction. The implications for tobacco regulation [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1994;331:123-125.

Benowitz NL, Herrera B, and Jacob P, III. Mentholated cigarette smoking inhibits nicotine metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004;310:1208-1215. PM:15084646.

Benowitz NL, Porchet H, Sheiner L, and Jacob P, III. Nicotine absorption and cardiovascular effects with smokeless tobacco use: comparison with cigarettes and nicotine gum. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988;44:23-28. PM:3391001.

Benowitz NL. Nicotine and smokeless tobacco. CA Cancer J Clin 1988;38:244-247. PM:3135084.

Benowitz NL, Perez-Stable EJ, Herrera B, and Jacob P, III. Slower metabolism and reduced intake of nicotine from cigarette smoking in Chinese-Americans. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002;94:108-115. PM:11792749.

Benowitz NL. Snuff, nicotine and cardiovascular disease: implications for tobacco control [editorial; comment]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:1791-1793. PM:0010577571.

Benowitz NL. Snuff, nicotine and cardiovascular disease: Implications for tobacco control. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1999;34:1791-1793.

Benowitz NL. Snuff, nicotine and cardiovascular disease: implications for tobacco control. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:1791-1793. PM:10577571.

Benowitz NL. Systemic absorption and effects of nicotine from smokeless tobacco. Adv Dent Res 1997;11:336-341. PM:9524434.

Berggren U, Fahlke C, Eriksson M, and Balldin J. Tobacco use is associated with reduced central serotonergic neurotransmission in type 1 alcohol-dependent individuals. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003;27:1257-1261. PM:12966319.

Bernfeld P, Homburger F, Soto E, and Pai KJ. Cigarette smoke inhalation studies in inbred Syrian golden hamsters. J Natl Cancer Inst 1979;63:675-689. PM:288930.

Bernfeld P and Homburger F. Skin painting studies in Syrian hamsters. Prog Exp Tumor Res 1983;26:128-153. PM:6405451.

Bernstein D. A review of the influence of particle size, puff volume, and inhalation pattern on the deposition of cigarette smoke particles in the respiratory tract. Inhal Toxicol 2004;16:675-689. PM:15371056.

Bi W, Hayes RB, Feng P, Qi Y, You X, Zhen J, Zhang M, Qu B, Fu Z, Chen M, and . Mortality and incidence of bladder cancer in benzidine-exposed workers in China. Am J Ind Med 1992;21:481-489. PM:1580253.

Biener L, McCallum-Keeler G, and Nyman AL. Adults' response to Massachusetts anti-tobacco television advertisements: impact of viewer and advertisement characteristics. Tob Control 2000;9:401-407. PM:11106710.

Biener L. Anti-tobacco advertisements by Massachusetts and Philip Morris: what teenagers think. Tob Control 2002;11 Suppl 2:ii43-ii46. PM:12034981.

Biener L and Siegel M. Tobacco marketing and adolescent smoking: more support for a causal inference. Am J Public Health 2000;90:407-411. PM:10705860.

Binns R. Animal inhalation studies with tobacco smoke. Rev Environ Health 1975;2:81-116. PM:775574.

Bjelogrlic N, Iscan M, Raunio H, Pelkonen O, and Vahakangas K. Benzo[a]pyrene-DNA-adducts and monooxygenase activities in mice treated with benzo[a]pyrene, cigarette smoke or cigarette smoke condensate. Chem Biol Interact 1989;70:51-61.

Bjork J, Albin M, Welinder H, Tinnerberg H, Mauritzson N, Kauppinen T, Stromberg U, Johansson B, Billstrom R, Mikoczy Z, Ahlgren T, Nilsson PG, Mitelman F, and Hagmar L. Are occupational, hobby, or lifestyle exposures associated with Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukaemia? Occup Environ Med 2001;58:722-727. PM:11600728.

Bjork J, Albin M, Mauritzson N, Stromberg U, Johansson B, and Hagmar L. Smoking and myelodysplastic syndromes. Epidemiology 2000;11:285-291. PM:10784245.

Blackburn C, Spencer N, Bonas S, Coe C, Dolan A, and Moy R. Effect of strategies to reduce exposure of infants to environmental tobacco smoke in the home: Cross sectional survey. BMJ 2003;327:1-5.

Blizzard L and Dwyer T. Lung cancer incidence in Australia: impact of filter-tip cigarettes with unchanged tar yields. Int J Cancer 2002;97:679-684. PM:11807797.

Blot WJ and McLaughlin JK. The changing epidemiology of esophageal cancer. Semin Oncol 1999;26:2-8. PM:0010566604.

Blumenthal R. Tobacco control: a state perspective. Yale J Health Policy Law Ethics 2002;3:151-156. PM:12825433.

Bock FG, Swain AP, and Stedman RL. Bioassay of major fractions of cigarette smoke condensate by an accelerated technic. Cancer Res 1969;29:584-587.

Bock FG, Swain AP, and Stedman RL. Composition studies on tobacco. XLIV. Tumor-promoting activity of subfractions of the weak acid fraction of cigarette smoke condensate. JNCI 1971;47:429-436.

Bock KW, Schrenk D, Forster A, Griese EU, Morike K, Brockmeier D, and Eichelbaum M. The influence of environmental and genetic factors on CYP2D6, CYP1A2 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in man using sparteine, caffeine, and paracetamol as probes. Pharmacogen 1994;4:209-218. PM:0007987405.

Boffetta P, Burstyn I, Partanen T, Kromhout H, Svane O, Langard S, Jarvholm B, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kauppinen T, Stucker I, Shaham J, Heederik D, Ahrens W, Bergdahl IA, Cenee S, Ferro G, Heikkila P, Hooiveld M, Johansen C, Randem BG, and Schill W. Cancer mortality among European asphalt workers: an international epidemiological study. I. Results of the analysis based on job titles. Am J Ind Med 2003;43:18-27. PM:12494418.

Boffetta P, Gridley G, and Lindelof B. Cancer risk in a population-based cohort of patients hospitalized for psoriasis in Sweden. J Invest Dermatol 2001;117:1531-1537. PM:11886519.

Boice JD and Lubin JH. Lung cancer risks: comparing radiation with tobacco. [letter]. Radiat Res 1996;146:356-357. PM:0008752318.

Boice JD, Jr. and Fraumeni JF, Jr. Second cancer following cancer of the respiratory system in Connecticut, 1935-1982. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1985;68:83-98. PM:4088314.

Bolego C, Poli A, and Paoletti R. Smoking and gender. Cardiovasc Res 2002;53:568-576. PM:11861027.

Bombick BR, Murli H, Avalos JT, Bombick DW, Morgan WT, Putnam KP, and Doolittle DJ. Chemical and biological studies of a new cigarette that primarily heats tobacco. Part 2. In vitro toxicology of mainstream smoke condensate. Food Chem Toxicol 1998;36:183-190. PM:9609391.

Bombick BR, Avalos JT, Nelson PR, Conrad FW, and Doolittle DJ. Comparative studies of the mutagenicity of environmental tobacco smoke from cigarettes that burn or primarily heat tobacco. Environ Mol Mutagen 1998;31:169-175. PM:0009544195.

Bombick DW, Ayres PH, Putnam K, Bombick BR, and Doolittle DJ. Chemical and biological studies of a new cigarette that primarily heats tobacco. Part 3. In vitro toxicity of whole smoke. Food Chem Toxicol 1998;36:191-197. PM:9609392.

Bombick DW, Putnam K, and Doolittle DJ. Comparative cytotoxicity studies of smoke condensates from different types of cigarettes and tobaccos. Toxicol In Vitro 1998;12:241-249.

Bombick DW, Bombick BR, Ayres PH, Putnam K, Avalos J, Borgerding MF, and Doolittle DJ. Evaluation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of mainstream whole smoke and smoke condensate from a cigarette containing a novel carbon filter. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1997;39:11-17. PM:0009325023.

Bono R, Russo R, Arossa W, Scursatone E, and Gilli G. Involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke in adolescents: urinary cotinine and environmental factors. Arch Environ Health 1996;51:127-131. PM:0008638963.

Borgerding MF, Bodnar JA, Chung HL, Mangan PP, Morrison CC, Risner CH, Rogers JC, Simmons DF, Uhrig MS, Wendelboe FN, Wingate DE, and Winkler LS. Chemical and biological studies of a new cigarette that primarily heats tobacco. Part 1. Chemical composition of mainstream smoke. Food Chem Toxicol 1998;36:169-182. PM:9687969.

Borish ET, Pryor WA, Venugopal S, and Deutsch WA. DNA synthesis is blocked by cigarette tar-induced DNA single-strand breaks. Carcinogenesis 1987;8:1517-1520.

Bosch FX and Munoz N. Prospects for epidemiological studies on hepatocellular cancer as a model for assessing viral and chemical interactions. IARC Sci Publ 1988;427-438. PM:0002848766.

Bouchardy C, Hirvonen A, Coutelle C, Ward PJ, Dayer P, and Benhamou S. Role of alcohol dehydrogenase 3 and cytochrome P-4502E1 genotypes in susceptibility to cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract. Int J Cancer 2000;87:734-740. PM:10925369.

Bouchardy C, Benhamou S, and Dayer P. The effect of tobacco on lung cancer risk depends on CYP2D6 activity. Cancer Res 1996;56:251-253.

Bowman DL, Smith CJ, Bombick BR, Avalos JT, Davis RA, Morgan WT, and Doolittle DJ. Relationship between FTC 'tar' and urine mutagenicity in smokers of tobacco-burning or Eclipse cigarettes. Mutat Res 2002;521:137-149. PM:12438011.

Boyd TC, Boyd CJ, and Greenlee TB. A means to an end: slim hopes and cigarette advertising. Health Promot Pract 2003;4:266-277. PM:14610997.

Boyland E, Roe FJC, Gorrod JW, and Mitchley BCV. Induction of Pulmonary tumors in mice by nitrosonornicotine, a possible constituent of tobacco smoke. Nature 1964;202:1126-

Boyland E. The possible carcinogenic action of alkaloids of tobacco and betel nut. Planta Med 1968;13-23. PM:5719465.

Boyle RG, Jensen J, Hatsukami DK, and Severson HH. Measuring dependence in smokeless tobacco users. Addict Behav 1995;20:443-450. PM:7484325.

Brauer LH, Behm FM, Lane JD, Westman EC, Perkins C, and Rose JE. Individual differences in smoking reward from de-nicotinized cigarettes. Nicotine Tob Res 2001;3:101-109. PM:11403723.

Brauer LH, Hatsukami D, Hanson K, and Shiffman S. Smoking topography in tobacco chippers and dependent smokers. Addict Behav 1996;21:233-238. PM:8730526.

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Breland AB, Evans SE, Buchhalter AR, and Eissenberg T. Acute effects of Advance: a potential reduced exposure product for smokers. Tob Control 2002;11:376-378. PM:12432165.

Breland AB, Acosta MC, and Eissenberg T. Tobacco specific nitrosamines and potential reduced exposure products for smokers: a preliminary evaluation of Advance. Tob Control 2003;12:317-321.

Britton J. Smokeless tobacco: friend or foe? Addiction 2003;98:1197-1207.

Brooks DR, Geller AC, Chang J, and Miller DR. Occupation, smoking, and the risk of high-grade invasive bladder cancer in Missouri. Am J Ind Med 1992;21:699-713. PM:1609816.

Bross ID and Gibson R. Risks of lung cancer in smokers who switch to filter cigarettes. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1968;58:1396-1403. PM:0005691372.

Brown B, Kolesar J, Lindberg K, Meckley D, Mosberg A, and Doolittle D. Comparative studies of DNA adduct formation in mice following dermal application of smoke condensates from cigarettes that burn or primarily heat tobacco. Mutat Res 1998;414:21-30. PM:9630488.

Brown B, Avalos J, Lee C, and Doolittle D. The effect of tobacco smoke, nicotine, and cotinine on the mutagenicity of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). Mutat Res 2001;494:21-29. PM:11423342.

Brown LM, Everett GD, Gibson R, Burmeister LF, Schuman LM, and Blair A. Smoking and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma [see comments]. Cancer Causes Control 1992;3:49-55. PM:0001536913.

Brown LM, Everett GD, Gibson R, Burmeister LF, Schuman LM, and Blair A. Smoking and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Cancer Causes Control 1992;3:49-55. PM:1536913.

Brown LM, Gibson R, Blair A, Burmeister LF, Schuman LM, Cantor KP, and Fraumeni JF, Jr. Smoking and risk of leukemia. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135:763-768. PM:1595675.

Brown ME, Gertel AS, Hrywna M, Muthurajah S, and Delnevo CD. New Jersey Youth Tobacco Survey. An update of youth tobacco use. N J Med 2003;Jul-Aug;100:37-41.

Brownson RC, Eriksen MP, Davis RM, and Warner KE. Environmental tobacco smoke: health effects and policies to reduce exposure. Annu Rev Public Health 1997;18:163-185. PM:0009143716.

Brownson RC. Exposure to Alcohol and Tobacco and the Risk of Laryngeal Cancer. Archives of Environmental Health 2003;42, No. 4:192-196.

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Brunnemann KD, Qi J, and Hoffmann D. Chemical profile of two types of oral snuff tobacco. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40:1699-1703. PM:12176096.

Brunnemann KD, Prokopczyk B, Djordjevic MV, and Hoffmann D. Formation and analysis of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. Crit Rev Toxicol 1996;26:121-137. PM:0008688156.

Brunnemann KD, Hoffmann D, Gairola CG, and Lee BC. Low ignition propensity cigarettes: smoke analysis for carcinogens and testing for mutagenic activity of the smoke particulate matter. Food Chem Toxicol 1994;32:917-922. PM:7959447.

Burch JD, Rohan TE, Howe GR, Risch HA, Hill GB, Steele R, and Miller AB. Risk of bladder cancer by source and type of tobacco exposure: a case- control study. Int J Cancer 1989;44:622-628. PM:0002793235.

Byrd GD, Davis RA, Caldwell WS, Robinson JH, and deBethizy JD. A further study of FTC yield and nicotine absorption in smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1998;139:291-299. PM:0009809850.

Byrd GD, Robinson JH, Caldwell WS, and deBethizy JD. Comparison of measured and FTC-predicted nicotine uptake in smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995;122:95-103. PM:0008848540.

Byrd GD and Ogden MW. Liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine metabolite NNAL in smokers' urine. J Mass Spectrom 2003;38:98-107. PM:12526011.

Byrd JC. Environmental tobacco smoke. Medical and legal issues. Med Clin North Am 1992;76:377-398.

Calafat AM, Polzin GM, Saylor J, Richter P, Ashley DL, and Watson CH. Determination of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields in the mainstream smoke of selected international cigarettes. Tob Control 2004;13:45-51. PM:14985595.

Campbell-Grossman C, Hudson DB, and Fleck MO. Chewing tobacco use: perceptions and knowledge in rural adolescent youths. Issues Compr Pediatr Nurs 2003;Jan-Mar; 26:13-21.

Cardenas VM, Thun MJ, Austin H, Lally CA, Clark WS, Greenberg RS, and Heath CW, Jr. Environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer mortality in the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study. II [published erratum appears in Cancer Causes Control 1997 Jul;8(4):675]. Cancer Causes Control 1997;8:57-64. PM:0009051323.

Carere A, Andreoli C, Galati R, Leopardi P, Marcon F, Rosati MV, Rossi S, Tomei F, Verdina A, Zijno A, and Crebelli R. Biomonitoring of exposure to urban air pollutants: analysis of sister chromatid exchanges and DNA lesions in peripheral lymphocytes of traffic policemen. Mutat Res 2002;518:215-224. PM:12113772.

Carmella SG, Han S, Fristad A, Yang Y, and Hecht SS. Analysis of total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in human urine. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003;12:1257-1261. PM:14652291.

Carmines EL. Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 1: cigarette design, testing approach, and review of results. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40:77-91. PM:11731038.

Casse C, Hu YC, and Ahrendt SA. The XRCC1 codon 399 Gln allele is associated with adenine to guanine p53 mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Mutat Res 2003;528:19-27. PM:12873719.

Castelao JE, Yuan JM, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR, Gago-Dominguez M, Crowder JS, Ross RK, and Yu MC. Gender- and smoking-related bladder cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:538-545. PM:11287448.

Celebucki CC and Diskin K. A longitudinal study of externally visible cigarette advertising on retail storefronts in Massachusetts before and after the Master Settlement Agreement. Tob Control 2002;11 Suppl 2:ii47-ii53. PM:12034982.

Chakravorty B and Chakravorty S. Cessation related perceptions and behavior of former and current smokeless tobacco users. J Am Coll Health 1997;46:133-138. PM:9394091.

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